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CKD: A Guide to Higher Fiber Foods

Wendy J. Dahl and Nancy J. Gal

Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents many challenges, and diet is one of them. People with CKD may find it difficult to consume enough fiber-rich foods while following the other diet recommendations for CKD. As kidney function declines, individuals with CKD may be recommended to limit foods high in phosphorus and potassium. As some of the restricted foods may also be high in fiber, these restrictions may result in a diet lower in fiber.

National guidelines for fiber intake by individuals with CKD do not specifically address the amount of fiber that they should consume (Ikizler et al. 2020), but it is generally recommended that people with CKD consume a diet higher in fiber. The fiber recommendations for CKD may be similar to what is recommended for healthy individuals: 21 to 25 g of fiber per day for women and 30 to 38 g of fiber for men depending on age (Trumbo et al. 2002). On average, people with CKD consume only about 15 g of fiber per day (Evenepoel and Meijers 2012). However, it is possible to follow the dietary restrictions for the later stages of CKD and still consume the recommended amount of fiber. This guide will discuss the health benefits of fiber and provide some examples of fiber-rich foods that may be good choices for CKD.

Health Benefits of Fiber and CKD

Fiber is naturally found in all plant foods, including fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Fiber, when isolated from plants, can also be added to foods to create higher fiber foods. Consuming adequate fiber maintains a healthy digestive tract and lowers the risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases (Dahl and Stewart 2015). Higher fiber intakes are also recommended for the management of many chronic diseases, as fiber helps lower cholesterol and control blood sugar. Fiber, particularly viscous fibers (e.g., psyllium and beta-glucans from oats and barley), may also be beneficial for the management of blood pressure (Khan et al. 2018).

Consuming the recommended amount of fiber may have several benefits for people with CKD. Higher fiber intakes are linked to improved survival (Veronese et al. 2018), as are healthy dietary patterns that provide fiber from fruit, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains (Kelly et al. 2016).

Adequate fiber, particularly insoluble fiber, may be helpful in promoting laxation (Salmean, Zello, and Dahl 2013), and thus preventing constipation in people with CKD. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure. Consuming foods that contain fiber may help with blood glucose control (Post et al. 2012); higher intakes of fiber are associated with a lower risk of diabetes (Veronese et al. 2018). The higher risk of cardiovascular disease that comes with CKD may be lessened with fiber by lowering cholesterol and inflammation (Dahl et al. 2016).

Increasing Fiber with CKD

In the early stages of CKD, when there are usually no restrictions of potassium, it is recommended to consume a variety of foods providing fiber, such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

Many whole-grain foods and legumes are good sources of fiber but have traditionally been limited in the CKD diet due to their phosphorus content. Although plant foods such as whole grains contain a significant amount of phosphorus, they are healthful food choices for those with CKD. This is because only a fraction of the phosphorus from whole grains is absorbed into the body (Williams, Ronco, and Kotanko 2013). Table 1 provides a list of whole-grain foods.

Foods with added fiber can help to achieve fiber recommendations and may have beneficial health effects (Chiavaroli et al. 2014). Table 2 gives some examples of grain-based foods with added fiber. For more information on foods with added fiber, see https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FS/FS23500.pdf.

Fruits and vegetables are also important sources of fiber. Legumes, such as beans, peas, and lentils, are especially high in fiber, providing as much as 8 g of fiber per ½ cup serving. However, some people with CKD may need to restrict legumes and some fruits and vegetables due to their potassium content. For those people with CKD who have been advised to restrict potassium, there are lower potassium fruits and vegetables to choose from. Examples are listed in Table 3.

It is recommended that people with CKD consult with a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), preferably one who specializes in kidney disease, before changing their diet. A dietitian can help with choosing optimum food sources of fiber for each stage of CKD.

Resources

For more information about the phosphorus contents of select foods, visit the United States Department of Agriculture’s website at https://www.nal.usda.gov/legacy/sites/default/files/phosphorus_0.pdf. This site provides an extensive index of all types of foods and their specific contents of phosphorous.

References

Khan, K., E. Jovanovski, H.V.T. Ho, A.C.R. Marques, A. Zurbau, S.B. Mejia, J.L. Sievenpiper, and V. Vuksan. 2018. “The Effect of Viscous Soluble Fiber on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 28 (1): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.09.007

Chiavaroli, L., A. Mirrahimi, J.L. Sievenpiper, D.J. Jenkins, and P.B. Darling. 2014. "Dietary Fiber Effects in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.237

Dahl, W. J., and M.L. Stewart. 2015. "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Health Implications of Dietary Fiber." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 115(11):1861–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.003

Dahl, W.J., N.C. Agro, A.M. Eliasson, K.L. Mialki, J.D. Olivera, C.T. Rusch, and C.N. Young. 2016. "Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation." Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

Evenepoel, P., and B.K. Meijers. 2012. "Dietary Fiber and Protein: Nutritional Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease and Beyond." Kidney International 81(3):227–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.394

Ikizler, T. Alp, Jerrilynn D. Burrowes, Laura D. Byham-Gray, Katrina L. Campbell, Juan-Jesus Carrero, Winnie Chan, Denis Fouque, et al. 2020. “KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update.” KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update 76 (3, Supplement 1): S1–107. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006

Kelly, J.T., S.C. Palmer, S.N. Wai, M. Ruospo, J.J. Carrero, K.L. Campbell, and G.F. Strippoli. 2016. "Healthy Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality and ESRD in CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.06190616

Post, R.E., A.G. Mainous, D.E. King, and K.N. Simpson. 2012. "Dietary Fiber for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of the American Board Family Medicine 25(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.01.110148

Salmean, Y.A., G.A. Zello, and W.J. Dahl. 2013. "Foods with Added Fiber Improve Stool Frequency in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease with No Impact on Appetite or Overall Quality of Life." BMC Research Notes 6:510. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-510

Trumbo, P., S. Schlicker, A.A. Yates, and M. Poos. 2002. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids." Journal American Dietetic Association. 102(11):1621–30.

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Agricultural Research Service. n.d. “FoodData Central.” n.d. Accessed May 15, 1017. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html.

Table 1. Fiber and nutrient contents of some whole-grain foods. (USDA n.d.).

Cereals

Serving Size

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Health Valley Fiber 7 Flakes

¾ cup

4.4

149

101

62

Health Valley Oat Bran Flakes

¾ cup

3.0

128

129

142

Kashi 7 Whole Grain Flakes

¾ cup

4.4

92

65

109

Kellogg’s Mueslix

1 cup

5

200

N/A

150

Kellogg’s All-bran Bran Buds

½ cup

17

430

N/A

300

Kellogg’s Miniwheats Unfrosted

30 biscuits

7

250

175

0

Post® Shredded Wheat n’ Bran

1 ⅓ cup

8

240

140

0

Post® Original Shredded Wheat

1 cup

7

220

140

10

Post® Grape Nuts

½ cup

7

230

140

270

Uncle Sam® Cereal

¾ cup

10

250

140

135

Weetabix Whole Grain

2 biscuits

4

150

N/A

130

Breads

Serving Size*

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Cracked wheat

1 slice

1.6

50

43

153

Oatmeal

1 slice

1.1

46

36

127

Oat bran

1 slice

1.3

42

40

100

Pumpernickel

1 slice

1.8

59

50

169

Rice bran

1 slice

1.4

61

50

76

Sprouted wheat

1 slice

1.5

55

49

133

White wheat

1 slice

2.6

36

29

134

Whole wheat

1 slice

1.7

72

60

128

Crackers

Serving Size

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Triscuit® Crackers Hint of Salt

6 crackers

3

120 mg

80

50 mg

Ryvita® Original Crispbread

2 slices

3

N/A

N/A

58 mg

* Approximately one ounce (28 g); N/A = not available

Table 2. Fiber and nutrient content of some grain-based foods with added fiber. (USDA n.d.).

Grain-based foods with added fiber

Serving Size

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Arnold Flax & Fiber Sandwich Thins®

1 roll (57 g)

4

140

N/A

300

Barilla Pasta White Fiber, Shells

2 oz

6

N/A

N/A

0

Carb Balance Flour Tortillas

1 tortilla (42 g)

15

140

N/A

320

FiberOne® Original Bran cereal

½ cup

14

110

42

110

FiberOne® Italian Bread

1 slice

3

N/A

N/A

130

Great Value™ Whole Wheat Egg Noodles

1¼ cup

5

250

N/A

10

MM Mania Fiber Biscotti

1 oz

6

N/A

N/A

70

MM Mania Fiber Breadsticks

1 oz

11

N/A

N/A

140

Quaker Instant Oatmeal High Fiber, Maple Brown Sugar

1 pkt

10

110

130 mg

210

Weetabix Organic Crispy Flakes and Fiber Cereal

1¼ cup

11

310

N/A

320

Table 3. Fiber and nutrient contents of some lower potassium vegetables and fruits.* (USDA n.d.).

Vegetables

Serving Size

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Broccoli (raw, chopped)

½ cup

1.2

144

30

15

Cabbage (raw, chopped)

½ cup

1.1

76

12

8

Carrot (raw)

1 small

1.4

160

18

34

Cauliflower (raw, chopped)

½ cup

1.1

160

24

16

Celery (raw, stalk)

1 medium

0.6

104

10

32

Corn (kernels, cooked)

½ cup

2.1

198

72

2

Cucumber (raw, peeled, chopped,)

½ cup

0.5

90

14

1

Eggplant (peeled, cubed, cooked)

½ cup

1.2

61

7

0

Green beans (cooked)

½ cup

2.0

91

18

1

Green Pepper (chopped, raw)

½ cup

1.3

130

15

2

Radish (raw, sliced)

½ cup

0.9

135

12

23

Zucchini (raw, with peel, chopped)

½ cup

0.6

162

24

5

Fruit

Serving Size

Fiber (g)

Potassium (mg)

Phosphorus (mg)

Sodium (mg)

Apple

1 small

3.6

159

16

1

Blueberries

½ cup

1.8

57

9

1

Blackberries

½ cup

3.8

117

16

1

Cherries (sweet, with pits)

½ cup

1.4

153

14

0

Grapefruit (raw, pink and red)

½ whole

1.4

156

11

0

Grapes (red or green)

15

0.7

140

15

1

Pear with skin

1 small

4.6

172

18

1

Pineapple (chunks)

½ cup

1.2

90

7

1

Plum with skin

1 medium

0.9

104

11

0

Raspberries

½ cup

4.0

93

18

1

Tangerine

1 small

1.4

126

15

2

Strawberries (whole)

½ cup 

1.4

110

17

1

* Approximately one ounce (28 g); N/A = not available

 

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Publication #FSHN18-2

Release Date:May 10, 2022

Related Experts

Gal, Nancy J

County agent

University of Florida

Dahl, Wendy J.

Specialist/SSA/RSA

University of Florida

Fact Sheet
General Public

About this Publication

This document is FSHN18-2, one of a series of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date January 2018. Revised August 2021 and May 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.

About the Authors

Wendy J. Dahl, associate professor, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; and Nancy J. Gal, Extension agent IV, Food and Consumer Sciences, UF/IFAS Extension Marion County; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Contacts

  • Wendy Dahl